Funeral Customs

Funeral custom world wide Death: the act of dying; the end of life; the total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an organism. Death is a very painful and emotional time, yet one that may be filled with hope and mercy and is base off of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical enquiry. Belief in some kind of afterlife or rebirth has been a central aspect of most, if not all, religious traditions and as a result of that over time there has been different type of funeral customs developed in the world. The trace of funeral service is a history of mankind. Funeral customs are as old as evolution itself. Funeral customs are rituals surrounding the death of a human being and the subsequent disposition of the corpse. Such rites may serve to mark the passage of a person from life into death, to secure the welfare of the dead, to comfort the living, and to protect the living from the dead. Disposal of the body may be by burial , by conservation or by cremation , by exposure or by other methods. Funeral ceremonies have certain common features: for example, the laying out of the corpse; the watching of the dead, of which the wake is a standard example; and the period of mourning with the accompanying ceremonies. www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-funeralc) â€Å"Every culture and civilization attends to the proper care of their dead. Every culture and civilization ever studied has three things in common relating to death and the disposition of the dead. Some type of funeral rites, rituals, and ceremonies or a sacred place for the dead and memorialization of the dead Researchers have found bur ial grounds of Neanderthal man dating to 60,000 BC with animal antlers on the body and flower fragments next to the corpse indicating some type of ritual and gifts of remembrance†. www. wyfda. org/basics) Funeral customs were diverse in many cultures. Some culture treated the male funerals different from the female funerals. The Cochieans buried their women, but suspended their men from trees. The Gonds buried their women but cremated their men. The Bongas buried their men with their faces to the North and their women with their faces to the South. (www. wyfda. org/basics) Body burial or direct burial simply means placing a body in the ground after death, although it also applies to storing the whole body aboveground in a ausoleum, vault, or other type of crypt. (www. caring. com/articles/body-burial-arrangements)they also found that in the medieval time the king would be buried without a heart. (Puckle 120) The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perha ps the world. The term Gond refers to tribal peoples who live all over India's Deccan Peninsula. Most describe themselves as Gonds (hill people) or as Koi or Koitur. (www. everyculture. com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Gonds. ) Funeral custom hasn’t really changed over time there are still similar or same customs still used today. They often had Memorials which allow friends, relatives and acquaintances to express their feelings and to share their memories. Many bereaved people find them helpful and are pleased to have provided a ceremony their loved ones would have wanted. (www. humanism. org. uk/ceremonies/humanist-funerals-memorials) Native American burial customs have varied widely, not only geographically, but also through time, having been shaped by differing environments, social structure, and spiritual beliefs. Prehistoric civilizations evolved methods of caring for the dead that reflected either the seasonal movements of nomadic societies or the life ways of settled communities organized around fixed locations. As they evolved, burial practices included various forms of encasement, sub-surface interment, cremation, and exposure. Custom usually dictated some type of purification ritual at the time of burial. Certain ceremonies called for secondary interments following incineration or exposure of the body, and in such cases, the rites might extend over some time period. Where the distinctions in social status were marked, the rites were more elaborate. The Plains Indians and certain Indians of the Pacific Northwest commonly practiced above-ground burials using trees, scaffolds, canoes, and boxes on stilts, which decayed over time. (www. nps. gov/history/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb41/nrb41_5) Many of our funeral customs have their historical basis in pagan rituals. Modern mourning clothing came from the custom of wearing special clothing as a disguise to hide identity from returning spirits. Pagans believed that returning spirits would fail to recognize them in their new attire and would be confused and overlook them. Covering the face of the deceased with a sheet stems from pagan tribes who believed that the spirit of the deceased escaped through the mouth. They would often hold the mouth and nose of a sick person shut, hoping to retain the spirits and delay death. Feasting and gatherings associated with the funeral began as an essential part of the primitive funeral where food offerings were made. Wakes held today come from ancient customs of keeping watch over the deceased hoping that life would return. The lighting of candles comes from the use of fire mentioned earlier in attempts to protect the living from the spirits. The practice of ringing bells comes from the common medieval belief that the spirits would be kept at bay by the ringing of a consecrated bell. The firing of a rifle volley over the deceased mirrors the tribal practice of throwing spears into the air to ward off spirits hovering over the deceased. Originally, holy water was sprinkled on the body to protect it from the demons. Floral offerings were originally intended to gain favor with the spirit of the deceased. Funeral music had its origins in the ancient chants designed to placate the spirits. (www. wyfda. org/basics) Funerals rank among the most expensive purchases many consumers will ever make. A traditional funeral, including a casket and vault, costs about $6,000, although â€Å"extras† like flowers, obituary notices, acknowledgment cards or limousines can add thousands of dollars to the bottom line. Many funerals run well over $10,000. (www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/misc/funeral/funeral. ) More and more people are choosing to be cremated, and there are even more choices for cremation urns than for caskets (www. uneralplan. com) The time after the death or passing away of a people in India are given a lot of importance. As per the Hindu Holy Scripture like the Bhagwat Git, it is believed that the soul of the person who has just passed away is on its way to the next level of existence at such a time. As such, it is with an intention to help the departed soul in a peaceful crosso ver to that next level of his /her existence, that Indians observe so many death rites and rituals. Basic idea behind the Indians' following all these funeral traditions is to show reverence to the deceased person. Normally during this time, all the family members share each other’s sorrows and pray, so that the soul of the deceased person rests peacefully. At the end of one year, all elderly members of the deceased person gather once again for the Shraad ceremony. The 3rd, 5th, 7th or 9th day after the death of the person are also important, as all relatives gather to have a meal of the deceased's favorite foods. A small amount of the food is offered before his /her photo and later, it is ceremonially left at an abandoned place, along with a lit diya. However, there may be slight variations in the way people of different religious sect observe this death rite. (www. iloveindia. com/indian-traditions/funeral-traditions) Chinese funeral rites and burial customs are determined by the age of the deceased, cause of death, status and position in society, and marital status Preparation for a funeral often begins before a death has occurred. When a person is on his/her deathbed, a coffin will often have already been ordered by the family. A traditional Chinese coffin is rectangular with three ‘humps', although it more common in modern times for a western style coffin to be used. The coffin is provided by an undertaker who oversees all funeral rites. When a death occurs in a family all statues of deities in the house are covered up with red paper not to be exposed to the body or coffin and all mirrors are removed it is believed that one who sees the reflection of a coffin in a mirror will shortly have a death in his/her family. A white cloth is hung over the doorway to the house and a gong is placed to the left of the entrance if the deceased is a male, and to the right if female. At the wake, the family members of the deceased gather around the coffin positioned according to their rank in the family and special clothing is worn: Children and daughters-in-law wear black signifying that they grieve the most; grandchildren, blue; and great grandchildren, light blue. Sons-in-law wear brighter colors, such as white, since they are considered outsiders. The children and daughters-in-law also wear a hood of sackcloth over their heads. The eldest son sits at the left shoulder of his parent and the deceased's spouse on the right. Relatives arriving later must crawl on their knees towards the coffin. The funeral ceremony traditionally lasts over 49 days — the first seven being the most important. Prayers are said every seven days for 49 days if the family can afford it. Otherwise, the period can be shortened by three to seven days. Usually, it is the responsibility of the daughters to bear the funeral expenses. The head of the family should be present for at least the first and possibly the second prayer ceremony. The number of ceremonies conducted depends on the financial situation of the family. The head of the family should also be present for the burial or cremation. In the second tradition, the prayer ceremony is held every 10 days: The initial ceremony and three succeeding periods of 10 days until the final burial or cremation. (www. chinaculture. org) The funeral and religious custom of burying the dead in Africa has some of the most complex customs. The ceremony is purely animist, and apparently without any set ritual. The main exception is that the females of the family of the deceased and their friends may undergo mournful lamentations. In some instances they work their feelings up to an ostentatious, frenzy-like degree of sorrow. The revelry may be heightened by the use of alcohol, of which drummers, flute-players, bards, and singing men may partake. The funeral may last for as long as a week. Another funeral custom, a kind of memorial, frequently takes place seven years after the person's death. These funerals and especially the memorials may be extremely expensive for the family in question. Cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, may be offered in remembrance and then consumed in festivities. Some funerals in Ghana are held with the deceased put in elaborate â€Å"fantasy coffins† colored and shaped after a certain object, such as a fish, crab, boat, and even an airplane. www. a-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette. com/funeral-and-religious-customs. ) Japanese funeral customs vary widely from region to region, so a generic description is not possible. The religion of the deceased person's family also has a bearing on the final arrangements, as do other factors such as the age at which the person died social st atus and the family's economic circumstances. The body is put on dry ice(3) in a room at the mortuary or in front of the family altar (most Japanese are Buddhists) and the next of kin stay with it or close-by until it is time to put it in the casket. By this time all of the close relatives will have changed into black suits and black kimono or black dresses. The Buddhist priest arrives at the scheduled time and is offered green tea. He speaks briefly with the family, during which time people who have not entered the room yet come in and sit on the floor (or on chairs if it is a funeral hall). After everyone has entered, the priest turns to the altar, bows, lights incense and begins to read a sutra. During the sutra reading, the priest gives a signal and the members of the family, who are seated in hierarchical order, rise and go to the incense urn, bow, offer incense, bow again and return to their seats. After the family members have finished, the visitors repeat the ritual until everyone has finished. The priest finishes the sutra, after which everyone bows to the altar and the wake service ends. Depending on the Buddhist sect, everyone may chant the â€Å"mantra† of the Buddhist sect in unison at points during the service. The funeral is usually held on the day after the wake service. The body is transferred to a temple (in the case where the wake was held at home) and placed before the altar that the mortuary has constructed in front of the temple altar. A wooden tablet inscribed with the posthumous name (4) of the deceased is placed on the altar or in front of it. The posthumous name is assigned and inscribed by the priest. (www. tanutech. com/japan/jfunerals) A Jewish funeral service is conducted in a funeral home or the family home as soon as possible after death – typically within 24 hours. Funeral attire consists of dark-colored clothing, a dress or skirt and blouse for women, and a jacket and tie for men. Men also wear a head covering known as a yarmulke, which will be provided by the funeral director for non-Jewish male guests. Guests should refrain from wearing symbols of other religions, such as a cross. Only family members attend the burial. Condolence visits by friends and extended family are welcomed during the seven-day mourning period known as shivah. Friends and neighbors may prepare the family's first meal following the funeral and may also bring gifts of food during shivah. If you bring food, make sure it is kosher, unless you know for certain that the family doesn't keep kosher. www. thelightbeyond. com/funeral_etiquette_customs_across_cultures) Just as there is a way to live as a Jew, there is also a â€Å"way to die and be buried as a Jew,† writes Blu Greenberg in her book, How to Run a Traditional Jewish Household (Fireside, 1983). This classic guide to Jewish living outlines traditional death rituals and practical issues, although many of these practices have be en adapted somewhat by Reform Jews. The first thing to do after a death in the family, if you belong to a synagogue and the family member lives near you, is to contact your rabbi or another synagogue leader. Usually, the synagogue will take over many of the arrangements. However, when your family member lives far away and is not a member of a congregation, or when you are not a member, funeral homes can often suggest rabbis who will conduct a funeral. Jewish burials take place as quickly as possible, following a principle of honoring the dead (k'vod hamet). Only if immediate relatives cannot arrive in time from abroad, or there is not enough time for burial before Shabbat or a holiday, are burials postponed for a day. Anything less is considered a â€Å"humiliation of the dead,† Greenberg explains. www. jewishfederations. org/page. aspx? id=937) .When a Muslim is near death, those around him or her are called upon to give comfort, and reminders of God's mercy and forgiveness. They may recite verses from the Qur'an, give physical comfort, and encourage the dying one to recite words of remembrance and prayer. It is recommended, if at all possible, for a Muslim's last words to be the declaration of faith: â€Å"I bear witness that there is no god but Allah. † Upon death, those with the deceased are encouraged to remain calm, pray for the departed, and begin preparations for burial. Muslims strive to bury the deceased as soon as possible after death, avoiding the need for embalming or otherwise disturbing the body of the deceased. An autopsy may be performed, if necessary, but should be done with the utmost respect for the dead. (islam. about. com/cs/elderly/a/funerals) The male in Muslim culture body get completely washes before they die. (Triton 1) The different funeral customs has provided evidence that there are so many different way to perform a ceremonies burial rituals etc†¦ Funeral customs has provided different tradition around the world to be spread through different culture and countries worldwide. Work Cited 1. http://www. chinaculture. org/gb/en_chinaway/2004-03/03/content_46092. htm 2. http://www. iloveindia. com/indian-traditions/funeral-traditions. html 3. http://www. wyfda. org/basics_2. html 4. http://www. caring. com/articles/body-burial-arrangements 5. http://www. humanism. org. uk/ceremonies/humanist-funerals-memorials 6. http://www. a-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette. com/funeral-and-religious-customs. html 7. http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-funeralc. html 8. http://www. tanutech. com/japan/jfunerals. html 9. http://www. jewishfederations. org/page. aspx? id=937

Report on Sir Isaac Newton Essay

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist. He was considered one of the greatest scientists in history. Newton was also the culminating figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Newton was best known for his discovery that the force called gravity affects all objects in space and on earth. .Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642, in the hamlet of Wollsthorpe, Lincolnshire (R.S.W. 17) His Father died only three months before he was born (Sir Isaac Newton 1). When he was three years old Isaac’s mother, Hanna, placed him with his grandmother so that she could remarry a man named Barnabas Smith, a wealthy man from North Witham (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 1). When his mother returned to Woolsthorpe in 1653, Newton was withdrawn from school to fulfill his birthright as a farmer. Newton failed at farming, and returned to King’s School at Grantham to prepare for entrance to Trinity College, Cambridge. A turning point in Newton’s life was when he left Woolsthorpe for Cambridge University in June of 1661 (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 1). Although Cambridge was a marvelous center of learning, the spirit of the scientific revolution had yet to enter its curriculum. In 1665 Isaac Newton took his bachelor’s degree at Cambridge without honors or distinction (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 2). In 1665 the university was closed because of the plague. At this time Newton returned to Woolsthorpe. There, in the following 18 months, he began revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy (J. A. Schuster 1). During the plague years, Isaac Newton laid the foundation for elementary differential and integral Calculus. He invented the â€Å"method of fluxions† which was based on his crucial insight that finding the area under its curve is the inverse procedure to finding the slope of the curve at any point (J. A. Schuster 1). Also during the plague years he made remarkable discoveries in optics. He had reached the conclusion that white light is not a simple, homogeneous entity. He proved this by passing a thin beam of sunlight through a glass prism which created a spectrum of colors on the wall opposite. Isaac argued that white light is a mixture of many different types  of rays, that the different types of rays are refracted at slightly different angles, and that each type of ray is responsible for producing a given color (J. A. Schuster 2). Newton’s greatest work was in physics and celestial mechanics. In 1666, Newton had formulated early visions of his three laws of motion (J.A. Schuster 3). Also during these years he examined the elements of circular motion and, applying his analysis to the moon and the planets, found the inverse square relation that the radially directed force acting on a planet decreases with the square of its distance from the sun. This was later crucial to the law of universal gravitation (Sir Isaac Newton 3). When the University of Cambridge reopened after the plague in 1667, Newton put himself forward as a candidate for a fellowship (Sir Isaac Newton 3). He was elected to a minor fellowship at Trinity College but, after being awarded his Master’s Degree, he was elected to a senior fellowship in 1668. Before he had reached his 27th birthday, he succeeded Isaac Barrow as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 2). In 1672, shortly after his election to the Royal Society, he communicated his first public paper, a controversial study on the nature of color (Sir Isaac Newton 4). The paper was generally well received but Hooke and Huygens objected to Newton’s attempt to prove, by experiment alone, that light consists of the motion of small particles rather than waves. Although his hypotheses was not convincing, his ideas about scientific method won universal assent along with his corpuscular theory. These reigned until the wave theory was revived in the early 19th century (Newton, Sir Isaac 2). Newton’s relations with Hooke soured. Newton withdrew from public discussion for about a decade. After 1675, he devoted himself to chemical and alchemical researches. He postponed the publication of a full account of his optical researches until after the death of Hooke in 1703. Newton’s Opticks appeared in 1704. Newton’s Opticks dealt with the theory of light and color and with Newton’s investigations of the colors of thin sheets. It also contained â€Å"Newton’s Rings† and the phenomenon of diffraction of light  (Newton, Sir Isaac 2). In 1689, Newton was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament. During his stay in London he became acquainted with John Locke, the famous philosopher, and Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a brilliant young mathematician who became a friend. In 1693, however, Newton suffered a severe nervous disorder (Dr. Robert A Hatch 4). There are many interpretations to the cause of this disorder. Some of these interpretations include overworked, the stress of controversy, and perhaps mercury poisoning the result of nearly three decades of alchemical research. After his recovery Newton sought a new position in London. In 1696 Newton was appointed Warden and then Master of the Mint (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 4). In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society and was annually reelected until his death (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 5). In 1705 Isaac Newton was knighted (Margret C. Jacob 390). His time as president has been described as cruel, and his control over the lives and careers of younger disciples was all but absolute. Newton could not stand for contradiction or controversy; his quarrels with Hooke provided a single example. Later disputes, as president of the Royal Society, Newton used all the forces he could muster. An example of this is when he published Flamsteed’s astronomical observations without the author’s permission. In the end, the actions of the Society were extensions of Newton’s will. Until his death Newton dominated the landscape of science without rival (Dr. Robert A. Hatch 5). Issac Newton died in London on March 20, 1727 (R.S.W. 20). In conclusion, Sir Issac Newton was one of the greatest scientists in history. Newton was also the culminating figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Many of his theories have become foundations for many areas of science.

Aberfan Mining disaster – 1966

At 9.15 on Friday 21 October 1966, Aberfan in Merthyr Tydfil, South Wales, was the centre of the world's media. A waste tip from the mine slid down the mountainside destroying a farm cottage killing all of the occupants. At Pant Glas School, the children were returning to their classrooms from morning assembly when a few of the children heard a rumbling sound coming from the valleys then they noticed an avalanche of mud hurtling towards them from the hills, and before anybody could get out, the school was underground. The school along with 20 other houses in the village were engulfed. There was total silence, so silent that you could hear a pin drop. The disaster was so horrific that everyone wanted to do something. Hundreds of people threw their shovel into their car and drove to Aberfan to help with the rescue operation. The trained and untrained rescuers worked hard to remove the debris. The first live victim of the disaster was rescued at 11am on that day. Almost a week later, all of the bodies had been discovered. Gaynor Minett, an eight year-old survivor in the school described the landslide as â€Å"a tremendous rumbling sound and all the school went dead you could hear a pin drop† she said that â€Å"everybody just froze in their seats†. People were so sad about the disaster that they wrote poems etc about the disaster. Reverend Dr Emlyn Davies who witnessed the disaster wrote a poem entitled ‘Aberfan'. The beginning of the poem gives the image of a little â€Å"unknown village in the vale† where the children â€Å"played and sang†. This image changes drastically as the poem progresses. The poem sort of tells a story of how this village, from being peaceful, changed to being a centre of the world and a very well known village. The descriptions are very in depth and this adds to the overall effect of the poem on me. To me, the poem has enlightened the effect of mankind on nature, this epidemic wouldn't have happened if the slag heaps weren't made. I would have never known this â€Å"secluded village†. The poem its self is well structured because each stanza is like a paragraph and contains information from each aspect of the disaster and is structured similar to a story. The use of metaphors is very effective in our understanding, â€Å"the mine became a tomb†. The adjectives used â€Å"Weight immeasurable, Force irresistible, Crushing all before† are very descriptive of the force of the landslide. The overall mood of the poem is very miserable but powerful in making us understand the consequences of human disrespect to countryside. Rev. Emlyn Davies wrote this poem to show people what really happened, he was there, he was the reverend of the church. Mike Jenkins wrote two poems about the disaster at a much later date. He was influence to writing one of them ‘He loved light freedom and animals' when he visited Aberfan. He was walking through a graveyard and he noticed one of the headstones and it read ‘He loved light, freedom and animals' he was touched by the inscription and wrote a poem with the caption as the heading. The victim was very young when his life was taken. This poem is more descriptive than a story. The first verse resembles an overview of this child who seemed to be happy, â€Å"waving an answer like a greeting†. The second stanza is similar to the first. Mike Jenkins uses a literal fact â€Å"Buried alive† and imagines the little boy to be â€Å"skimming stones down the path of the sun† on the river, which would be stereotypical of a child of that time. The use of metaphors and similes make the poem more interesting and free flowing. There is a contrast of images from the first two stanzas through to the rest; the first two are nice images of the little boy playing besides the river, but then the representation goes darker and describes this â€Å"tumour on the hillside† bursting â€Å"black blood† it sound really violent and aggressive. The poets thoughts and feelings come into play now, he â€Å"gulp[s] back tears because of the notion of manliness† I think he placed this in his poem because he is in the graveyard, trying to paint a picture of what happened and he comes back to reality and realises that the person buried beneath him is this little boy that he is imagining. As the poem unfolds, the descriptions get more vague. He seems to be highlighting the main features of his imagination. The gravestone that he found hugely inspired Mike Jenkins. I think that his purpose was not to persuade people to accept his views but just to let them envisage what he felt. The second Mike Jenkins poem is called ‘Among the Debris'. It is written in a completely different style to ‘He loved light freedom and animals'. He uses a local dialect, however, it is hard to understand but it adds a good effect. The first stanza tells us about a teacher who used to tell stories to the children â€Å"about is time in the navy, playin cards underwater† The second verse reveals that the teacher wasn't in control of his emotions. It seems to me that he had been through an experience that had mentally scarred him, because â€Å"ee'd go mental, throw a wobbly†. The metaphors that Mike Jenkins uses in this poem are very effective, â€Å"is screams pick-axin into ower yer-drums† all of the references to the teacher's actions are very detailed. After the teacher had thrown a â€Å"wobbly†, he â€Å"passed a bagful o' sorries round† I feel sorry for the teacher at this point because it seems that he cannot control his actions. The last stanza is described in-depth. It is at the part when the landslide is coming down the hill it was â€Å"a slow, unnatural thunder†. When the slide had ended, the teacher â€Å"wuz searchin fer them lost children, buryin is ands in slurry† the last two lines are the best in the poem, â€Å"till ee found us, sitting among the debris† this means that the teacher had ‘snapped out' of his â€Å"wobbly† and had came back to reality to the class that he was teaching. The images in this poem are quite disturbing but are effective in describing how some people were affected by the disaster. For Mike Jenkins to write this poem, he must have been hugely saddened by the gravestone that he saw to urge him to write ‘He loved light, freedom and animals' and this poem, ‘Among the debris'. If Mike Jenkins and Reverend Dr. Emlyn Davies were affected so much to write these poems, I wonder how many other people saw the destruction of the landslide and were upset for all of those children in the â€Å"unknown village in the vale† that lost their lives.

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example As such, the social media marketing will be mainly concentric upon brand recognition and promoting the website as a viable alternative for career women that are both interested in function and style (Kawazoe & Abetti, 2013). Accordingly, prior to this particular phase of marketing being engaged, it will be absolutely interval to ensure that each and every problem that might be evidenced within the initial rollout of the website should be operable and fully functional. And added component of this particular phase that can be utilized is to provide a bonus structure through which individuals that reference which social media outlet they came from and what prompted them to purchase their products will further assist the company in helping to strategize how best practices within social media marketing can be further accomplished in the future. The second phase of the marketing strategy will once again be constrained by the fact that the firm does not have a very large budget and cannot engage in glitzy advertising like many of the more established brands. Nevertheless, the second phase will be concentric upon blanketing some of the most high traffic pedestrian areas within the Washington DC Metro area and passing out pamphlets/suppliers/marketing material that draws attention to the fact that a new women’s footwear store is soon to be opening that seeks to provide a nexus between fashion and comfort. Naturally, even though this secondary phase of the marketing process will be somewhat different as compared to the first, it is necessary for the developers to ensure that a certain level of similarity exists so that individuals that might have been exposed to the first level of social media marketing will not find this to be a conflicting or otherwise separate level of engagement (Jacobsen, 2012). As compared to the s ocial media phase, this particular phase will take place within approximately one month’s time. Similar to the social

On-line gaming is a time waster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On-line gaming is a time waster - Research Paper Example Online gaming refers to the games that are played over the internet. It has become a popular and successful source of entertainment for people of all ages but it is more popular among the school or college going students. All you need is a computer with an internet connection. It has the ability to link players together from any part of the world. Because of this, almost everybody is into it. Its implausible characteristics make a lot of students become addictive to it. It does not only provide entertainment, but also gives a chance to socialize with anyone, present anywhere in the world. Online gaming has created a huge problem of time wastage in the world. With the growing trends of these games and the introduction of latest graphics and innovations, these games attract more and more people, especially children, towards them. Computer gaming has become an industry. Many big companies are eager to invest in it. This leads to the developing of new versions of the already existing games as well as the development of brand new games. Parents are found complaining about the falling grades of their children as they spend majority of their time in front of a computer, playing games for many hours in a row, eyes fixed on the screens, so involved in their games that they forget about everything else around them. They forget to eat, they forget to take proper sleep, and are least interested about their homework or studies. All they care about is gaining expertise in the game they play so that they could become the next online gaming champion.

Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case Brief - Essay Example She was also expected to reserve $ 200.00 every month for taxes and pay-- collecting the rents, paying for the net rentals towards the mortgage debt. However, On November 29, 1938, the mortgagee threatened foreclosure of the property after the reorganization of the interest grew to $ 15,857.71. Mrs. Crane, therefore, decided to sell it to a third party for $ 3,000.00 cash and paid $ 500.00 expenses of sale. She reported a taxable increment of $ 1,250.00. She argued that her property acquired from 1932-1938 was only the equity. She claimed that the equity was of zero worth when she acquired it. No depreciation could be taken on a zero value. Secondly, neither she nor her vendee ever assumed the debt; therefore, upon selling the equity, the amount she realized on the sale was $ 2,500.00. Nonetheless, he Commissioner determined that petitioner realized a net taxable gain of $ 23,767.03. He argued that, in addition to the net cash accounted by the petitioner, the amount realized should a lso contain the standard amount of the mortgage of $250,000 when sold. Issues: First, how the gain or loss on the sale of a physical property acquired by bequest subject is determined. Secondly, how the amount realized on the sale of a physical property is calculated and lastly, whether there are any depreciation allowances from the value of a property at the time of gaining. Analysis: The tax court first established the selling price comprised of the land and the building although the building is not a â€Å"capital asset†. The whole gain should, therefore, be taxed after the adjustments of the property were and tear has been made, under  §113 (a). The first question, the court determined that, under section  § 113 (a) (5), unadjusted basis for determining loss or gain on sale of a physical property. Mrs. Crane should determine her property value undiminished by the amount of the mortgage. In the second question, under  § 111 (b), the "amount realized" is calculated as the

Influnce of Confucianism on Ancient China Society Essay

Influnce of Confucianism on Ancient China Society - Essay Example Based on his teachings, China later on went on to develop Confucianism, an ethical and philosophical system, which preaches about the importance of morality and other virtues like righteousness and honesty in one’s life (Lefande, pp. 1–10). People often refer to Confucianism as a religion since many people employ it as a sound ideology in their lives and govern their actions and decisions according to it. This ethical system or religion promoted a society where every person prioritizes the advancement of his or her personal virtue. Selflessness and honesty are amongst the few characteristics, which Confucianism holds in high esteem and promotes as ideals necessary for a healthy flourishing society. It believes that the best individual is the most ethically and morally sound individual (Hoobler and Hoobler, pp. 60). The influence of these teachings were spread widely even outside China. â€Å"They influenced the cultures and governments of Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and several other East Asian countries† (Lefande, pp. 1–10). This influence lasted centuries after the era of Confucius, and are venerated by people all over the world even now. However, to understand the true effect of Confucianism, one must analyze the effect it had on East Asia in the centuries that immediately followed the era of Confucius. The Influences on Society and Government One of the main reasons why Confucianism was so influential among East Asia was because it was based on ancient Chinese values, which are respected and in some cases shared by other countries in East Asia (Lefande, pp. 1–10). These include the mandate of heaven, veneration of ancestors, spirits, and rituals which China’s cultural heritage is based upon. Also, since it promoted a virtuous character for all people, not matter what stage of life they were at, it gained popularity as the people saw it as a reasonable system according to which they could live. People belonging to higher tiers of society would use the principles taught by Confucianism such as loyalty, honesty, and selflessness to boost their image in the public as well as to train them in order to gain positions in the government. This affected the government, as the people wishing to become a part of it would do so by improving themselves on moral grounds, thus making themselves examples for others to follow and desirable leaders (Lefande, pp. 1–10). This also had a similar effect on lower rungs of society, such as peasants and farmers. The principles of morality and virtue also became famous amongst them as they learned that following these principles was beneficial to them not only on an individual and on a family level, but also immensely improved the society as a whole. With such desirable results and influences, this religion quickly spread over China as well as several other East Asian countries. It was so well adapted into the culture of the Chinese that even today; the Chines e have taken their culture with them. Places dominated by a Chinese population such as Singapore also stand heavily influenced by the teachings of Confucianism today. Another way in which Confucianism had a major effect on government as well as society of China was through its promotion of education. According to the principles taught by Confucius, it helped polish the character of a person if he or she gained a proper education. This was one of the

Fresh nails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fresh nails - Essay Example Germany, during September 2005- October 2005. The purpose of this internship was to experience work, and reflect on and analyze the management structure. This was intended at gaining the ability to integrate and work in teams and to develop interpersonal skills. My job at Fresh Nails Holding was related to product design and development, implementing marketing strategies, improving the corporate website and supporting business expansion. This program was a great learning experience for me. I gained first hand experience of manual work, and learned to comply with organizational rules and regulations. Also, I had an understanding of the requirements of work discipline. Holdings, I shall give an account of the jobs within the company as well as my job, and the company's market performance. The report is an analysis of the company structure and job deployment in relation to my job, and my job performance. It will also deal with the behavioural patterns and an understanding of the aspirations of the labour force. Eager "Sex and the town center" - spectators do not pass "Fresh nails" in Cologne, without looking once by the large disks in the business. The three screens are too enticing, on which Fashion TV runs all day (www.freshnails.de). Fresh nails was founded by two brothers Heinrich and Cornelius Becker, one 24 years and the other 27 years old in 2004. Their first studio was the Nagel Studio. The brothers discovered a market gap and to fit well into the chain trend, which fulfill the Germany's textile sector with Zara, Mango and H&M. They supply the suitable nails to fashionable dresses. Their Studios are capable of handling the demands of textile giants. Fresh nails claims that: "The atmosphere is modern and freshly, the mechanism standardized, the prices are not high. A manicure does not cost any more than 18 euro."(Fresh Nails Marketing Plan) They have high-flying plans, dream about a Fresh nails chain and are on the best way to install it. They are planning to open another store some where in the middle of 2006, their fourth address in a side street of the K in Duesseldorf. Heinrich and Cornelius discovered that this so called US trend of nail care has a strong

Anorexia in the Fashion Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anorexia in the Fashion Industry - Research Paper Example The voluptuous curves which used to be admired in the past have been switched to straighter angles and lines on fashion model’s bodies. With these skinny fashion models gracing the covers of the most exclusive and trendy magazines, many teenage girls seem to be drawn to the idea that in order for them to be as beautiful and as accepted as these models, they have to look like them. This obsession has even created the psychological disorder known as anorexia nervosa. Anorexia is a life-threatening disease, which mostly involves the act of starving oneself in order to look as thin and as â€Å"beautiful† as the fashion models. Deaths have been reported for some anorexic teenagers and models, as the unacceptable image that these models and teenagers see in their mirrors never seems to reach acceptable standards. This paper shall now investigate how the fashion world and designers influence models and girls to become extremely thin, and how they cause these girls to be anorexic. It will also note the lengths to which these girls go to in order to be and to stay as thin as possible and the impact on these girls lives. This paper shall also discuss the changing trends surrounding weight issues and fashion modeling -- from the earliest days when such trends made an impact on the world and on contemporary times. This discussion shall cover opinions and scholarly studies conducted on the subject matter, focusing on the thin fashion models and celebrities and the impact of the skinny obsession on teenagers and on girls in general. The end of the First World War brought about the raising of the hems and the lowering of the waists in women’s fashion. Panati (p. 235) points out how the dresses designed in the 1920s called for women to be flat-chested and boyish, and those who had fuller breasts were also forced to bind their chest to flatten their chests.  

Managing Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Operation - Essay Example   The operations of an establishment are all the activities which are directly linked to accomplish the key function of the organization – be it producing a product or rendering services. In both the cases the operations system of rules will offer the transition of certain inputs, like materials and labour, into outputs, as products or services. This paper will discuss about the company Toyota Corporation and how it became the number one car maker. Toyota Motor Corporation, which is based in Toyota, Japan, is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturer offering well known car models like Camry, Corolla, Corona and Lexus. Though a late entrant compared to General Motors and Ford, Toyota had become one strongest player in the automobile industry. In an industry generally considered to be mature in terms of technology, Toyota had continued to set benchmarks for providing value to customers more effectively than competitors. Toyota had also redefined the rules of operation management in various areas like product development, manufacturing process, vendor management, customer satisfaction and human resource management. The formal establishment of Toyota motor company ltd., took place in 1937 and since then it moves onto become the leader in the global automobile industry. By 31st march 2008, Toyota group approximately sold 8.9 million vehicles in 170 countries under the Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino brands. Since the automobile industry is now facing a recession, Toyota aims to achieve sustainable growth by building a more flexible and stronger operational process and corporate structure to counter the challenges of the hyper competitive market world over (Annual Report, Toyota, 2008). Toyota devised lean production which is otherwise known as the Toyota Production System (TPS) which has started a worldwide shift in almost every industry to Toyota’s

The Reason for the Shift from Transactional To Relationship Marketing Essay

The Reason for the Shift from Transactional To Relationship Marketing - Essay Example This paper illustrates that strategies harnessed by relationship marketers to achieve their goals include focussing on retaining customers and long-term view of business relations as shown by Jaguar Land Rover Plc, focus on providing value to the customers as depicted by Mercedes-Benz, emphasizes on the provision of great service to clients as depicted at Starbucks. There is also an emphasis on quality relationships and customer contact through social media, email and text messages with this strategy exemplified by Starbucks and Costa Coffee. Business to business (B2B) approach of relationship marketing between one firm to another and focuses on the features of the product and there is the lack or very little personal emotion between the representatives of the two organizations involved. The operational guidelines of the business are the main emphasis for understanding through searching more information on the organization, and there is the requirement for marketing to be in-depth in business to business marketing. The effectiveness of marketing is dependent on the ability of the product to save time, resources, and money. On the other hand, relationship marketing approaches on business to consumer is giving a focus on product benefits and decisions have the personal emotional attachment. The message has to be short and less informed, focus on product benefits, and getting right to the point. Purchasing decisions by consumers base more on emotion.

Video game console and Nintendo Essay Example for Free

Video game console and Nintendo Essay Introduction Nintendo company,One of the most recognized names in the history of games. Even that was 120 years before and recent decades years, Nintendo begin company to making the playing card game,but creating video game. In the 60’s,Nintendo was going to produce video games, but after 1985 when Nintendo started to sell Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and the famous game Super Mario Brothers. Nintendo began to as being the only dominatition in video games,and remained through many years,before Sony had take over the dominatition position by launched the Sony PlayStation . and then Nintendo was being regarded as a recession proposition in the videogame business. As far as we can see,the turning point in 2005, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo DS with a big success. In 2006 Nintendo introduced the Wii and then launched it being the best-selling latest generation console system in the world. Nowdays, Nintendo in the position as being the worldwide leader in the creation of interactive entertainment† with Microsoft and Sony in world’s top3 videogame business. To date, Nintendo has sold more than one billion video games and created so many game console including Game Boy The best selling video game systemgame systems worldwide. 1. What is Nintendo’s strategy? Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/or defensive strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? Nintendos strategy is based on the customer premise, when other business-to-video game market has yet to be waited and see attitude, and Nintendo in the market demand for in-depth study, the firm entered the field. Nintendo was on the market only a profound understanding of the needs of customers’ game manufacturers. Because it can from the customer needs is the fun of the game This perspective of looking at problems, Nintendo game software was first recognized that the decisive position. This policy eventually develop into a Nintendo game software developers and strategic alliances to achieve this status, Nintendo has played a key role. After have a Nintendo Power books and counselors systems scheme, which are a combination of the two major consumers and Nintendos sticky and agents, but also Nintendos main method to grasp the pulse of customers. In fact, the Nintendo Companys product development plans and marketing strategies is almost entirely dependent from the customer information. We come up the idea that :The broad differentiation strategy is the newly products of Nintendos had generic used ,particularly for Wii ,the broad differentiation strategy that allowed Nintendo to compete with two giant Sony and Microsoft. Nintendo had focus on innovative control system,that leads to rising the fun level of games,instead of to attempting to catch up with the functional advantage concentrated by most competition in game industry . Nintendo focused on developing games and take their Key advantage – gaming fun to winning the battle of game industry. Recently, Nintendo has carried out some offensive strategies to resist with rivals and gain more market share. The company aimed to innovating products and introducing some of the industry’s most astoundingly inventive and financially lucrative gaming products. For instance, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo Dual Screen in 2004. The DS Lite was introduced in 2006 and Wii was introduced in 2008. Nintendo does a number of advertisements with creative advertisement, what make deeply impression on customers. Through the magazines, the company releases the products and attracts game players. Nintendo also has some defensive strategies. Rivals like Sony and Microsoft were calling attention to an assortment of technological capabilities and graphic features in their consoles. Nintendo’s two system including video game consoles and handheld system with light weight electronic devices and designed largely. Rivals required a part of target market. According to this situation, Nintendo attract older people and women as a new market to make sure the sales and reputation for the company. 2. Is it fair to characterize Nintendo’s introduction of the Wii as a blue ocean strategy? Why or why not? Yes,there’s a pure blue ocean strategy initiated in the Nintendo’s Wii,but the Wii’s introduction strategy can not necessarily be characterize as a blue ocean strategy that we considered. Wii’s introduction demonstrated is successful executed the Blue Ocean Strategy,that driven point is the unique interactive â€Å"motion-sensitive† controls,it based on an innovative gaming control system can sense movements and physical activity, gamers should to physically move around to guide the game character,this is an differentiate experience with instinct usability that may rising the fun of gaming,and creating an accessibility for every player of all ages and genders . This new values are created and focused by Wii which instead of the performance value defined by the industry. it allowed Wii to not only compete in the game console industry’s â€Å"red ocean† where has been dominated by Sonys PlayStation and Microsofts Xbox, but also to went after an untapped market,For consumers who are not consider as the typical gamers,as older females, seniors,who never think about gaming,even who consider gaming as a waste of time. it purpose at the entire family. so it as the allegory of name â€Å"wii†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s intended, we- everyone can enjoy it. Wii are also competitive to appealing the traditionally customer targeted by the games industry,we come up the opinion that the blue ocean strategy can reinforcing the competitive strategy acts as a supporting board differention competitive. Wii’s make games for a different purpose,In assessing the standard relative to Microsoft’s Xbox 360, and Sony’s PlayStation 3, and other developers , Wii‘s functional elements as graphics physics, processing power ,and supporting function (as Movie playing) are relatively rare . however it good-enough for moderate gamer,but their virtual controling raising gaming fun to a higher level ,that helps maintained its core gaming audience while aslo their purpose to changing the â€Å"couch-potato†gamer to into exerciser. As a matter of fact, Sony nor Microsoft try to imitated the Wii’s contoling function. to lure away Wiis new customer. All above evidence that it is almost self-explanatory the sucess for Wii’s blue ocean strategy’s. 3. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning vis-a-vis Microsoft and Sony? Our first recommendation is developing in the competition area that different from Microsoft and Sony. As we know, the main product of Microsoft and Sony is Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. Xbox 360 can mainly fight and talk by the network. PS 3 mainly in high-definition video and audio quality as the characteristics. Therefore, we think Nintendo should be developed in other areas, such as game’s own characterized. They can develop some games that more suitable for players, life and era such as the classic Super Mario, Tetris and other games. Our second recommendations is developing more perfect handheld video game console. Because as Microsoft and Sony’s main game product are Home video game consoles. Many people know Nintendo is because of their product Game Boy. And more young people today do not like to play games at home, they are more like in the car, in the bedroom, or in other free time to relax. So, handheld game consoles is still a huge market, but also because Nintendo has the foundation of Game Boy. So in this regard the development and the customer base is inevitable better than the other competitors. Our third recommendation is to improve the skill of visual quality. What is the value of a game? Obviously, the main the player seeks for is the gameplay, is the creative point of a game that itself has. For this part the Nintendo make a good sense. Nintendos success lies in change and subversion of tradition. But, with the booming technology, the players who are familiar with Maya, 3DMAX are also pay high attention to the quality of the visual. Compare with Sony and Microsoft, Nintendo do not spend so much technology dealing with visual. However, the decoration of a game system such like visual and sound also will be a big attraction. People always enjoy a sense of realism. So if it wants to get a long-term development, it also needs to improve its visual skill even though Nintendo do not rely on visual to win the profit. Our final recommendation is expansion of market in China. As we see, China who has large number of population can be a Potential Unit for almost all industry, of cause for game. It can be a good market for Nintendo we believe. To extend the Chinese market, Nintendo can consider about increasing the Chinese language interface to get closer to Chinese people. They also need to offer a good after sale service in china. We recognize that the after sale service of Nintendo in Asia except Japan is limited. In order to fit the Chinas specific conditions, Nintendo can introduce more educational and recreational games and let the parents willing to buy. In a word, making more efforts in these recommendations, Nintendo may have a long term development in the future we believe.

Dead Trees and the Dead Wood Cycle

Dead Trees and the Dead Wood Cycle Introduction A common misconception about forest would be that a â€Å"healthy forest† should have only have trees that are alive or growing. This â€Å"healthy† forest should be rid of dead trees as they would cause harm to the forest and/or perhaps spread disease of sorts. This misunderstanding originated from our lack of understanding of forests and trees. Dead trees play a crucial role in sustaining biodiversity within forests. They provide the forest with nutrients, a habitat for forest animals, rivers, soil, along with many other benefits covered in this paper. To highlight all the importance’s of dead or decaying trees this report will be broken down to sections After defining exactly what constitutes as a dead trees, we will go in depth into the dead wood cycle. Following that will go into analyzing the benefits of dead trees that include and but not limited to[1]; Hold moisture for the soil throughout arid seasons. Provide a location for necessary bacteria to survive Provide a home for small mammal dens and bird nests; Improving the soil by accumulation of organic matter. Offer a seed bed for redeveloping trees. scavenging spot for several insectivorous animals such as woodpeckers; food, protection, shelter, cover, and suitable climate for thousands of tiny organisms Then role of dead wood in the ecosystem and finally we will conclude the report by stating important facts about the significant biodiversity found because of deadwood. Definition of dead trees and decaying trees Common sense would provide that dead or decaying trees are those trees that are no longer alive. However this is more of a definition of the different kinds of dead tress you could potentially encounter in a forest. We will analyze each kind and separate them from the others Coarse Woody Debris Coarse woody debrisis used to describe fallen deadtrees orthe leftovers of bulkybranches left either in the forest or in the rivers. There is a minimum size required for woody debris to be defined as coarse, which is around 20cm in diameter. This also includes dead or decaying stumps[2]. Coarse woody debris are caused by ordinary tree death,illness, andbugs, as well as disastrous events such aswildfires,tornados, hurricaneand floods[3]. Old forests still contain dead trees and woodland remnants are still where they had fallen. These are recycled to nourish fresh vegetation and establishes the perfect woodland in relations of reprocessing and the renewal of fallen trees. As a matter of fact almost 30% of all biomass contained in a forest are from dead trees[4]. Large Woody Debris Sticks, logs, and branches all are considered large woody debris. Wood that fall into streams and rivers are also believed to be large woody debris. This debris can affect how the water flows in and how strong or weak the channel is. This flow affects how much erosion goes on and thus affects how rivers and other water channels are shaped[5]. Large woody debris are important for all its effects on forest management as well as channel streams. The debris is one of the most important factors in the formation of pools and ponds[5]. As these pools and ponds are formed animals, such as salmon, frogs, and other small fishes. Large woody debris is an important source of biodiversity because if these ponds and or pools were not created a lot of these animals would be washed away. The frogs and other animals that nourish off these fish would lose a feeding ground. The measure of scrubbing and erosion is determined by the relation of the span of the wood, to the deepness of the watercourse, and how deep the piece is dug in[6]. Snags Snags could be defined as coarse woody debris, however they operate in a slightly different way and can be identified in different ways. Snags costs of either standing, dead, or dying trees. Whereas coarse woody debris is usually fallen debris, snags are still standing. Both can, however, refer to dead or decaying trees/debris. Snags are also often missing their tops or most, if not all, of their branches[7]. Dead wood cycling Dead wood cycling is the procedure of when the components of wood, enter the forest ecosystem through death, followed by decomposition and then reuse. Many components and functions of the forest are affected during the changes in trees. These changes are the most important physical features of forest.[8 ]Most forest ecosystems in general contain a large amounts of organic matter within the dead wood. It is reported that 17% of all ecosystem organic matter was found within coarse woody debris and snags at costal ecosystems[8]. The cycle begins with the death of the stem. Usually the death is slow, however in special cases such as lightning strikes, floods, hurricanes or other storms the death is immediate. The larger the tree the longer their period to die. Snags usually take a long time to be utilized by other living trees. A lot of factors contribute to this including, rooting, moisture, nutrients, slop of the ground, how the tree died and the species of trees. All of these factors also affect how long the snag, coarse woody debris, or large woody debris[9]. The utilization of dead snags differs dependent on provincial and geographical ecological conditions. Forests that are troubled by procedures other than lumber jacking, the trees ultimately become dead wood. However the trees that die and continue to stand upright end up becoming part of the snag component of the forest. More lush sites usually have superior snags. Snag thickness reduces and useful life increases with the snag size[9]. Coarse woody debris work differently. After the tree dies it enters the ecosystem either directly through a fall. This could be the death from a fall of living trees or through tree death and the eventual fall of upright dead branches. The biomass and ecologically sustainability of the coarse woody debris also depends on the species of trees. For example coniferous (cone bearing trees) ecosystems hold more bio mass than coniferous ecosystems (used up parts that proceed to fall off.) Biomass is coarse woody debris is also effected by how moist it is. The more moisture there is the more it is able to sustain other organism increasing biodiversity. There is more biomass existent on older trees that younger ones. This is usually due to the nutrients and the size of older trees[10]. Benefits There are a lot of benefits created but all forms of dead trees. Most of the benefits overlap however this report will separate some of the distinct benefits created by each individual type of dead tree. To make this part as thorough as possible, some benefits will also be separated to each respective function and cause. Coarse woody debris The benefits of coarse woody debris are huge. They are one the most important factors in sustaining biodiversity in the forest. Usually there is an accumulation of long-term organic matter, which is contributed by how well decayed the wood is. The size also adds to the accumulation of organic matter and that results in decayed wood that has high in carbon constituents. The soil and ability to carry moisture greatly improved by the carbon[11]. To ensure biodivesity, the protection of productive potential in forest soil should be maintaned. This would ensure a contiuous supply of organic materials that live off the moisture in the debris[11]. Fungus Root tip association There is a special relationship is between ectomycorrhizal activity ( a symbiotic relationship) and coarse woody debris. This fungi is key for the healthy growth of conifer trees and needs moisture to survive during dry periods. The moisture is provided during the state of decay of wood[11]. During the summer months, the moisture contents found in coarse woody debris was around 250% of the dry weight. All this moisture store was then used for dry spells throughout the year to ensure refugia and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The larger the piece, the more moisture would be stored. This does not completely replace the moisture and nutrition needs, but if there is enough wood, it would be a significant source of moisture[12]. Fixation of nitrogen in forests due to coarse woody material Forests growth, specifically in boreal forests, is limited to the amount of nitrogen available in the air and usually is limited in forests. The general theory behind the limit is the slow mineralization of organic soil nitrogen. However since nitrogen is such an important part of forest growth it is crucial to ensure that there is enough nitrogen in the air for the flora[13]. There are 4 sources of nitrogen in the forest[12]: Nitrogen fixing bacteria that reside in roots (also called associative nitrogen fixation) Nitrogen fixing bacteria that occur in soil and plants ( called non symbiotic nitrogen fixation) Nitrogen collected from lightning, dust, pollen, and other air pollutants. Nitrogen fixation from roots from certain species (red alder) The most efficient source is nitrogen fixation from species such as the red alder. Unfortunately, after many years of fire suppression, only some forests contain such species[14]. These forests then rely mostly on non-symbiotic sources of nitrogen, which occur from bacteria found on coarse woody debris. The debris allows bacteria to live due to the heavy moisture contained within the wood, and is an important contributor to nitrogen. There is also a relationship between fungus and nitrogen fixing algae. The algae are self-sustaining however the fungi provide a very firm home for the algae. This fungus survives during the dry sells due to the moisture found on the coarse woody debris 1 [1] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [2] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [3] Keddy, P.A. and C.G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: [4] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [5] Curran, Janet H. Flow Resistance of Large Woody Debris in Headwater Streams of the Washington Cascades Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America [5] [6] Curran, Janet H. Flow Resistance of Large Woody Debris in Headwater Streams of the Washington Cascades Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America [7] Ferguson, H.L., Robinette, K., and K. Stenberg. 2001.Wildlife of Urban Habitats – Urban Parks, Golf Courses, Cemeteries, and Open Space.Pp. 334-335 in: Johnson, D.H. and T.A. O’Neil, managing directors, Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press. [8 ]8 Lofroth, Eric (1998),The dead wood cycle, in Voller, J.; Harrison, S.,Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes, Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, pp.185–214 [8] [9] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [9] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. [10] Lofroth, Eric (1998),The dead wood cycle, in Voller, J.; Harrison, S.,Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes, Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, pp.185–214 [11] [11] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997 [11] [12] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997 [13] Roger T. Koide,Christopher Fernandez,Glenna Malcolm,Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function,New Phytologist,2014,201,2 [12] [14] Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the Ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997

Motorola inc. six sigma approach

Motorola inc. six sigma approach EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The first part of the project contains information about Motorola.   The information includes the companys mission, vision statement, their values of Motorola and a brief view of their TQM beliefs. Motorola, Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications company, headquartered in Schaumburg, Illinois, United States. The main purpose of this report is to analyze Total Quality Management (TQM) tools and techniques practiced by Motorola, Inc. for achievement of competitive edge in this intense competitive environment. The second part of the project talks about Motorolas Total Quality Management practices like Six Sigma Approach, Continuous improvement, Employee involvement and Customer focus, Quality standards, Management, Supplier standards, Counterfeit products etc. The third part of the project contains information about Motorolas key performance indicators and quality standards. The final part of the project talks about Motorolas successes and weaknesses. All the information I used for this project was received at www.motorola.com. INTRODUCTION Motorola Inc. is one of the largest telecommunication manufacturer companies of the world. Motorola is in telecommunication industry for more than 80 years.   Motorola net sales in 2008 were U.S. $ 30.1 billion and it employed approximately 65,000 people all over the world. The company manufactures telecommunication products like Microprocessors, Mobile phones, Smartphones, Two-way radios, Networking systems and Satellite phones etc. This report examines the efficiency and effectiveness of the TQM tools practice by Motorola i.e. Six Sigma Approach, Continuous improvement, Employee involvement and Customer focus etc. It also analyzes the quality standard of Motorola, Inc. Product quality for Motorola is the most important factor of business profitability and importance of ensuring the quality of the products cannot be underestimated. Strategy of quality improvement usually increases innovative products that meet the expanding needs of Motorola customers around the world and also increases market share of company. Motorola sees things from a global perspective, always motivated to create and produce innovative products of the highest quality at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction. Motorola is also trying to develop environmental friendly products in order to show responsible corporate citizen image. Furthermore, new ways are found out by Motorola to reduce raw material requirements and at the same time keep wastage level at minimum. Vision Statement: Our history is rich. Our future is dynamic. We are Motorola and the spirit of invention is what drives us. Mission Statement: We are a global communications leader powered by a passion to invent and an unceasing commitment to advance the way the world connects. Our communication solutions allow people, businesses and governments to be more connected and more mobile. Values of Motorola:  § Receive customer loyalty by delivering on our promises.  § Build quality associations with companies that contribute to our values.  § Take care of the investment of our shareholders as if it were our own.  § Compete aggressively but with integrity.  § Provide products and services that benefit people.  § Business decisions must be based on the best interests of Motorola.  § Report business conduct concerns immediately.  § Business must be conducted legally and ethically, without accepting or giving bribes. Strategy: As a global corporate citizen, Motorola tries to create products and technologies that benefit society by making things smarter and life healthier for people around the world. Motorola is devoted to operate ethically, defending the environment and supporting the communities in which Motorola do business. They are guided by our Code of Business Conduct, which is based on our key beliefs of unbending reliability and constant respect for people. As a global corporate citizen, Motorola strives to:  § Create innovative technological solutions that benefit people at home, at work and on the move.  § Increase shareholder value through profitable growth, technological innovation and market leadership.  § Operating with precision and the top standards of ethics and law.  § Protect the environment by improving our environmental performance and designing environmentally conscious products.  § Maintain a safe and healthy workplace, fostering a globally diverse workforce and supporting our employees work-life balance.  § Promote economic opportunities and growth in regions where Motorola conduct business, through products, services and operations.  § Set expectations for our suppliers to conduct their operations in agreement with the law. KEY STAKEHOLDERS The key stake holders who directly or indirect affect Motorola company LTD according to CSR report 2008 are:  § Customers  § Employees  § Suppliers  § Labor unions  § Investors/share holders  § Industry organizations  § Government TQM TOOLS USED BY MOTOROLA 1. Six Sigma Approach: Motorola knows Six Sigma is a very good approach but not perfect for achievement of the quality goals. Thats why being the founder of the Six Sigma technique; Motorola practices lots of useful tools of TQM. â€Å"Six Sigma, an approach developed by Motorola to improve business processes by minimizing defects. 2. Customer focus: Customer focus is the major concern of Motorola. Motorola has always worked well with its supplier to maximize the customer satisfaction. Motorola services and products are focused on market share and loyalty of customers. Customer satisfaction index help Motorola in measuring the satisfaction level of its customers. Customer complaints not only represent the problem of Motorola customer face but also are a big opportunity for improvement. Motorola tries to find the root causes of the problem and remove that, so as to enhance services and reduce complaints of customer in long run. Customer relation centers help Motorola in handling the enquiries from customers quickly, respectfully and clearly. 3. Continuous improvement and Supplier Standards: Supplier produce necessary parts and materials for the products, maintaining close cooperation is very important for stable production and enhancement of quality. Motorola knows the importance of relationship with its supplier thats why Motorola is building long term relationship with its business partners. Motorola follows strict processes to ensure the quality of finished products regardless of whether it is from the internal or external suppliers. For Motorola it is also very crucial that working conditions are safe for employees, and employees are treated as partner, this will assure the quality and continuity of supply. 4. Benchmarking: Benchmarking is one of the effective tools of Motorola that enables to gain competitive edge by building strengths and reducing weaknesses of company. Benchmarking inspire Motorola managers to compete, it is useful tool of quality because the objectives are set on the basis of external information, due to information access personnel of the organization is much more motivated to attain the goals and objective. Motorola know that Benchmarking is time and cost efficient because the process involves imitation and adaptation rather than pure invention. 5. Environmental concern: Motorola is working with its supplier to produce smart products which is not harmful for environment, Motorola produce energy efficient products to promote environmental management systems. Motorola is supporting the suppliers efforts to achieve the ISO 14000 Certification which is very helpful for sustainable environment. Motorola follows all countries, regions and localities laws regarding environment and trying to find out the cheap ways to minimize energy usage. 6. Education and Training: Employee development is very important for continues improvement, therefore Motorola gives ongoing education and training to its employees. This not only keeps employees up-to-date with new trends applied to job but also help increase the productivity. Motorola monitor the effectiveness of training programmes to ensure that its useful for employees. 7. Employee involvement: The performance of organization directly depend on the employee involvement, therefore success of company is dependent on the involvement of employees. Motorola Employees are the source of creativity and problem solving. Employee must be given authority which motivates employees to own the company / Process of Company. Motorola staff knows they play vital role in the success of the company, that why they effectively participate in all processes of organization. Employee involvement efficiently increased quality of the products produced by Motorola. PERFROMANCE INDICATORS OF MOTOROLA Motorola puts its efforts to provide the society with superior products and services by developing innovations that improve the quality of life and satisfy customer needs, provides employees with meaningful work environment and advancement opportunities and investors with a superior return. Motorola is also playing a role to make sure that their products are accessible and affordable to the people who need them. They are taking different initiatives and forming partnerships in this regard. All people at Motorola are responsible for adhering to business practices that are in accordance with the law and the ethical principles. The Company strives to use outside technology resources as well. Motorolas manufacturing division will further focus its capabilities on core products. In addition, Motorola is enhancing its research operations to expand access to worldwide external science. It works with its employees to understand their concerns, needs and thoughts on companys strengths and weaknesses and incorporate these findings into the strategies, processes and programs. In order to do this, Motorola carries out surveys of employees. Motorola promotes the human rights of its employees. The main focus is to encourage justice, equal opportunity and dignity without discrimination. This is a step towards promoting economic development. SUCCESSES OF MOTOROLA Motorola is a world-renowned company that services the US and several international countries. Their organizational structure puts them on top of the rest with strong values for their employees and customers. I learned that there is a huge competition between Nokia and Motorola for market share in the manufacturing of handheld devices. Starting out in 1928 as a small battery powered radio producer, Motorola is truly a company building a foundation for the next up and coming technology. Motorola is a company that has been around a long time and one of its main key factors to success is that that you can see the brand name any where you go. Motorola is the second leading producer of wireless handsets and is the top supplier of wireless infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmissions base stations, amplifiers, and network switching. Its also helpful in many new products such as the new Star Tac cell phone that has the market wondering if Motorola is back in the game and ready to regain market share. Motorola is also the top producer of fixed chips that are used in wireless networking, automotive, and customer products. A key success for many annalists is how much market share a company has. Motorola has the no. one global market share in semiconductors for automotive applications, in communications processors, and in radio frequency power products for cellular base station markets. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS To remain competitive in these extremely competitive economic situations that exist in todays telecommunication industry, telecommunication companies must look for excellence. New style of management helps in achieving the excellence which focuses on cycle time reduction, employee involvement, the reduction of waste, continuous improvement, and customer satisfaction. To gain competitive edge in twenty first century market, it is crucial for telecommunication companies to supply more reliable quality and value to their customers. It is the time to expand better and more direct relationships with clients, to start teamwork at the jobsite, and to generate better quality work. The recommendations are that Motorola must continue to sustain the position of cost leadership by focusing on quality of the products, as it helps in producing high volumes of mature products, which lead to lower prices. Motorola should apply differentiation strategy to gain competitive advantage to charge premium prices.

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment Ess

Guilt, Suffering, Confession and Redemption in Crime and Punishment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   "You keep lying!" screamed Raskolnikov, no longer able to restrain himself. "You're lying, you damned clown!" And he flung himself on Porfiry, who retired to the doorway, but without a trace of panic. "I understand everything, everything!" He approached Porfiry. "You're lying and taunting me so Ill give myself away-" "You can't give yourself away any more than you have already, Rodion Romanovich, old man. Why, you've gone into a state. Don't shout, I'll call my men, sir!" (Dostoyevsky, 34) No humane person with any values is able to commit a heinous crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Slowly, this guilt festers and eats away at one's conscience until the point of escape, reached by confession, thus leading to salvation. Throughout Dostoyevsky's Crime and. Punishment the main character, Raskolnikov is stricken with guilt and suffering that eventually lead to his confession and redemption motivated by many forces. Crime and Punishment is the story of a young "intellect", Raskolnikov, who develops a superman theory. In his hypothesis, he felt that certain men were extraordinary and could commit unethical acts without punishment or a guilty conscience. In his case, he wanted to rid the earth of a parasite through the vicious slaying of an old pawnbroker, Alyona, and her sister, Lizaveta, in order to gain money so that he could continue his studies and to see if he was truly extraordinary. Was he truly the Napoleon that he thought he was? Could he walk over people with no regard for their feelings or sufferings as Napoleon had? (Literary Criticism, 68) "He is obviously no superman or Napoleon, but didn't get enough fre... ...ut its overwhelming power and the fact that it made such a painful impression on readers that those with strong nerves fell ill and those with weak nerves had to give up reading it. (Kjetsaa, 183) Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations. New York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York, New York: New American Library, Inc., 1968. Gale Research Co. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. Detroit, MI 1984, Vol. 7. Kjetsaa, Geir. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writer's Life. New York, New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987, Magill, Frank. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1976. Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, CT; Yale University Press, 1985. Timoney, John. Speech on Crime and Punishment. Mt. Holyoke College, November 10, 1994.

Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Falling Water’s plans all came about when the architect, Frank Lloyd Wright was born, Jun 8, 1867. Frank was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin. Wright designed Fallingwater in 1935. At his death in 1959, he had built more than 400 buildings. Wright’s most famous house was designed and built for the Pittsburgh Kaufman family, for a weekend retreat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The natural wonder Fallingwater is recognized as architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s most acclaimed and famous works. In 1991, a poll of members of the American Institute of Architects voted Wright’s Fallinwater the best all-time work of American Architecture. Fallingwater opened a new chapter in American architecture and Wright became the first and foremost architect of houses. Fallingwater is known for its simplicity. This is not a skyscraper, it is a home situated in a remote section of Western Pennsylvania, in Ohiopyle, (or called Bear Run). In a talk to the Tallies Fellowship Frank Lloyd Wright said of the house; â€Å"Fallingwater is a great blessing - one of the great blessings to be experienced here on earth. I think nothing yet ever equaled the coordination, sympathetic expression of the great principle of repose where forest and stream and rock and all the elements of structure are combined so quietly that really you listen not to any noise wha tsoever although the music of the stream is there. But you listen to Fallingwater the way you listen to the quiet country.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wright designed Fallingwater in 1935. The design of the house promotes a harmony between man and nature, so that the buildings, walls and structures within the house are extensions of the exterior world. Fallingwater was designed for the Edgar J. Kaufmann family of Pittsburgh; the founders of a prominent department store in the city called Kaufmann’s. Construction on the project began in 1936 and was completed in 1939. Wright concentrated in on the Bear Run location because he knew of a waterfall in the area that the family loved to go visit all the time. In designing the house, Wright mimicked the natural pattern of rock ledges over the waterfall and cantilevered the house over the falls in a series of concrete ledges, anchored to masonry walls made of the same sandstone as the rock ledges. This view just described, is perhaps the most famous of all. The house hovers right over the rushing mountain stream in perfect harmony. The house extends 30 feet in he ight above the ledges, although strong horizontal lines and low ceilings help maintain an overall sheltering feeling.

Admissions Essay - Died Last Night :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Died Last Night "Jane died last night." His voice, though quiet, seemed strained. "Are you all right?" I asked. There was a pause. "She wouldn't let go. Do you remember when we were working out a few years ago and you told me Jane looked as if she were going to fall over? She would have if the instructor hadn't told her to sit down. She was so angry with herself for not being able to go on. It was like that at the end. Her heart would stop for long periods and then she would breathe and it would start again. I finally had to tell her it was O.K. and that she should go to sleep." Diagnosed with lymphoma four years ago, Jane had been at war with her disease since. She had lived longer than expected. She had been a fighter. He wasn't telling me for my sake. I was listening because he needed to tell someone. She had not only been his wife, she had been his world. They had had one of those rare relationships where they had loved each other so deeply it was often to the exclusion of the rest of the world. She had been awarded her black belt in Karate the day before she died. She was 52. I had a few hours to kill before meeting my mentor at Swedish-American Hospital so I asked a physician I know to introduce me to someone in the ER whom I could follow. Whenever the books begin to get too heavy and the study hours too long, I head for the hospital to watch surgery or spend time in the ER following doctors. It helps me to remember that the practice of medicine involves taking care of people, not just their bodies. For the first 45 minutes we had the normal whirlwind of fractures, hypoglycemic diabetics, patients in respiratory distress and assorted minor difficulties, and then the call came over the radio. Fourteen year-old male, gunshot wound to the head. Four minutes of organized commotion later I watched as a multitude of attendants swarmed over the body of a boy who had treated life as a game and was losing. Quickly nurses and technicians sliced his clothes away to gain access to life-sustaining blood vessels.

Heart of Darkness †Metaphorical or Physical Journey? Essay

The worth of any physical journey can be measured by the value it has to the traveller; by the psychological, moral and philosophical insight gained during the course of travel. This is especially valid for a trip of such immense significance as the one undertaken by the narrator in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow, as he travels along the Congo River in Africa. The symbolic importance of the Congo River is paramount throughout the novella; however, it is equally important to consider the role of the river on which the tale is told – the Thames, the centre of the nation that dominated colonial expansion. Both rivers offer a platform of observation of their respective societies – allowing Marlow to remain independent from these cultures and thus maintain his own moral compass. On a surface level, the Thames appears to be the epitome of tranquillity and civilization, as Marlowe describes it as being ‘calm’, waiting for the ‘turn of the tide’ and being the centre of ‘the biggest, and the greatest, town on Earth.’ However, Conrad’s multi-layered writing undercuts this view, as many descriptions of the Thames have mortuary connotations, implying a feeling of death on the river. For example, Conrad describes a ‘mournful gloom, brooding motionless’, the feeling of stillness coupled with the ‘gloomy tone creates a corpse-like atmosphere. Even the images of light that Conrad employs are more or less negative in their more subtle meanings. He describes the torches of light (a metaphor for Western Civilization) as being merely a ‘flicker’, which implies that the faà §ade of culture and humanity is ephemeral in nature. The first words Marlow uses describe his surroundings as ‘and this also†¦ was one of the dark places of the earth’, reminding listeners of the dark past, which is only partially and insubstantially covered. He then goes on to describe the ‘robbery with violence’ and the ‘aggravated murder on a great scale’ which the Romans had committed in ancient Britain. Whilst the present reality demonstrates an apparent conquering of the darkness, Conrad implies a different message, as he mentions the ‘toying’ of the ‘bones’ (another name for dominoes made of ivory), which refers to the abominations committed by King Leopold II in the Congo Free State, as he exploited the lives of African to further his own commercial enterprise. This associates the Thames, which has supposedly defeated its darkness, with an inherent evil, as it is at the centre of a culture obsessed with the ‘conquest of the earth’ under the guise of ‘weaning the ignorant millions from their ways’. At the end of the novella, the primary narrator, who is listening to Marlow’s tale, begins to perceive the Thames leading into ‘the heart of an immense darkness’, showing how the story has shaped his own moral, psychological and philosophical views. The mortuary images used to describe the Thames are repeated later on as Marlow recounts his visit to the company offices in Brussels, which he describes as a ‘whited sepulchre’. The word ‘whited’ implies a degree of artificiality in Brussels’ apparent pristine condition, whilst the word ‘sepulchre’ has further associations with death. It is also a biblical allusion to the Book of Matthew 23:27, in which Jesus exclaims: ‘Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whited sepulchres, which on the outside look beautiful, but inside they are full of the bones of the dead and all kinds of filth.’ This allusion shows how the very European Marlo w, has recognized a deep hypocrisy in his fellow countrymen, as the symbol of white (one of purity in Western civilization) is simply a faà §ade to hide Europe’s inherent evil. This motif of white is repeated throughout the novel, especially in Brussels where Marlow mentions the ‘starched white affairs’ of the Company uniforms, and near the end of the text describes the corpse like ‘Intended’ as having a ‘pale head’, ‘ashy halo’ and a fireplace of ‘monumental whiteness’. Marlow who is described as being ‘in the pose of a meditating Buhhda’ sees a different connotation to the white (just as white is associated with death and mourning in Eastern philosophy). Whilst Marlow sees and experience this hypocrisy first hand in Europe, on the Congo River, he observes an almost cinematic stream of images of temptation and sordidness, with the River acting as a ‘moral buffer’ for him, as his perceptions of humanity and morality change. This change in Marlow’s nature happens through the characterization of Africa as a living hell which Conrad (through Marlow) achieves by continual allusions to the ‘Inferno’ in Dante’s Divine Comedy, which details the persona’s own journey into the centre of the earth and through the nine circles of hell. This is most effectively achieved when Marlow admits to his listeners: ‘I felt as though, instead of going to the centre of a continent, I were about to set off for the centre of the earth.’ This is paralleled when Marlow visits the company Offices and describes his assignment as going ‘dead in the centre’ (again invoking deathly overtones), which also explicitly references Dante. Like Marlow’s morals and philosophy, the allusion is developed throughout the journey, as Marlow observes the chaotic ‘wanton smash-up’ caused by the Europeans, and describes it as being in ‘the gloomy circle of some Infe rno’, and showing how the river, acting almost as a slideshow for European corruption, helps change Marlow’s view of the morality of the Colonialists, who have turned Africa into a living hell. The allusion to Dante, whilst certainly the most obvious, offers only an observation and a result, not a cause for the corruption. The allusion to the Book of Genesis on the other hand, provides insight into why there is corruption present on the Congo. When Marlowe first describes the river, he likens it to an ‘immense snake uncoiled’, which references the Devil in the form of a snake, tempting Eve to take a quince from the Garden of Eden. This allusion is more causal in its purpose, as it demonstrates the reason why the Europeans who have integrated into Africa (especially Kurtz and the station Manager) have been corrupted by the primitive allurement of the ‘unspeakable rites’ and ‘satanic litany’ afforded to them by the jungle. Whilst Marlow is offered these things during his journey, morally he is able to maintain his distance, continuing as righteous through a continual commitment to pragmatism and action. This is evidenced by his almost obsessive need for ‘rivets’ to repair his boat so that he may continue his journey on the moral insulation of the Congo River, shielding him from any immoral temptations offered whilst ashore. On the other hand, people like Kurtz who have the river, find that the moral veneer provided by the faà §ade that is European civilization is quickly stripped away when they go ashore for a ‘howl’ and a ‘dance’. Marlow explains this phenomenon of primitive reversion among the colonialists via the effect that he perceives the river to have, saying that travelling down the river was like ‘travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world’ with the ‘fascination of the abomination; corrupting the Europeans, especially Kurtz, who is debased to ‘an animated image of death carved out of old ivory’. Significantly, the current symbolically make the journey into the ‘heart of darkness’ difficult, while the journey back is easy and rapid. In conclusion, the journey undertaken by Marlow on the Congo River, as well as his story telling on the Thames, much deeper significance than simply physical and geographical journeys, changing his perceptions of the morality and psychology of men. Conrad uses Marlow’s insights to influence the reader to share in the enlightenment gained by the narrator.

International business in focus Essay

Do you know that the public has construct sm all tolder because of the flow rate orbicular monetary crisis? globose monetary crisis is a poem that has been render by e very vocabulary one time and again. Screaming headlines on global economic crisis accommodate been post on all sorts of crudes pennings available on acres. Radios and televisions do non take a break both when re mannering most the globes pecuniary crisis. It is non a song of approbation that has been sung about global fiscal crisis only one that is directly opposite of what praise means. Global economic crisis has been a freak in the founding and countries experience been trim to nothing. totally fields of the present earn been stirred by global monetary crisis. It has had controvert impacts on some(prenominal) beas. This circumstance paper examines the global fiscal crisis and its impacts on the pr reddentativeistry manufacture for the past two familys. The Global fiscal Cr isis For a better apprehensiveness of the impacts that atomic number 18 brought about by monetary crisis on the touristry perseverance, it is substantial to firstly look at the global monetary crisis in general. For the past two years, the parsimoniousness of the universe has been characterized by escalating burn and feed prices, part of financial markets, and contraction of the valet de chambrely concerns economic engage.The thrift or so the world diminishd in growth from 5. 2% in the year 2007 to -1. 1% in the year 2009 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010). Global financial crisis is at that placeof not a new term and it has been the topic of the mean solar day. Its effects began to be felt up seriously in the year 2008. All around the globe, stock markets discombobulate been bring down to pieces, financial institution that seemed to rule the world establish belong while some anformer(a)(prenominal) imbibe been sold out, and the wealthiest government s on earth have been forced to establish rescue packages as a way of bailing financial systems.In general, the whole world has been trim to nothing by the current financial crisis. The global financial meltdown has touch peoples livelihoods in the complect world (Shah, 2009). The financial crisis has deepened disrupting some(prenominal) systems. It has by departed way too far than hitherto the Great Depression (Chossudovsky, 2010). Critics argue that the puzzle that the world is facing today could be avoided only if the ideologies that support the present day economic models had not been as vocal music as they be, so influential and impolite to the views and concerns of others (Shah, 2009).The financial crisis in the world has seen the collapse of the sub-prime mortgage market in the US as thoroughly as the lodging boom reversal in alter economies. Additionally, there are other weaknesses that have been exposed in the so called global financial system. Some of the financi al instruments and products have become complex that every tone of life has taken a new turn. The touristry exertion has not been spared either (Shah, 2009). The touristry Industry touristry has been a study(ip) exportingation in numerous countries. Mevery countries around the globe cuss on touristry as a source of their gross.Money that is earned from this empyrean is used to develop other delineate areas (Economics Department Caribbean Development Bank, 2008). The industry has several divisions much(prenominal) as the touch off agents, supranational and domestic airline industries, hotels and restaurants, and several other touristry boards. In many areas around the world, the touristry industry has stakeholders such as the foreign embassies, tourism associations, transnational governances, and big bucks media to promote the industry, tourism information centres, and travel writers (Lauder, 2008).For the past sixty years or so, the tourism industry has contin ually diversify and grown to be ranked among the largest immediate growing sector in the economy all over the world. More destinations have over time opened up and more investments have been made in the development of the tourism industry. Modern tourism has been a key-driver for the socioeconomic progress. Some countries in the world can barely refuse without tourism. It has become very important in the foreign trade market. Large kernels of cash in terms of foreign fill in are earned from the tourism industry.The export income that is generated by the international tourism is before long ranked fourth subsequently automotive, chemicals and fuel products. Developing countries benefit a stripe from tourism. In fact, it is the main source of income and minute one export. Tourism industries in the underdeveloped worlds have created employment opportunities for masses and at the same time leads to other developments such as infrastructural development. The world has in the fresh years been hit by the financial crisis.How then will the global financial crisis be reflected in the tourism industry? Mladenovic & Zlatkovic, 2009) The industry as has been explained before is a very important sector in the economy of many countries. It has positive impacts on the economy of the swarm orbit by dint of the foreign exchange gain. More still, the soldiers country benefits as billets for the citizens have been created, relieving the country of the unemployment burden. Poverty is eradicated in the process and societal services and infrastructure improved. In the overall, tourism leads to the development of the host country and the world in general (OPPapers. com, 2010).Impacts of the global financial crisis on the tourism industry The current global financial crisis has disrupted the tourism industry the efforts that have been made by the industry have borne little or no fruit. Huge are the losses that have been suffered by the tourism industries all aroun d the world (OPPapers. com, 2010). The join Nations Tourism Organization had predicted that till December 2008, the tourism sectors growth would be slowed down by about 2-3% by the global financial crisis. The impact of the crisis, as reported, would still be felt in the year 2009.True to their word, tourism arrivals lessen significantly in several ports of the world such as in Polonia airdrome in Indonesia. There was 85% tourism decrease in this particular port (Wieke, 2008). As Laude reported in an name on, Global financial crisis bites tourism industry, As the global financial crisis bites, the international tourism market is headed for its worst downturn in two decades (Laude, 2008). In Austria, a depend that was prepared for Tourism Austria had warned that the international tourists tot ups to Austria would significantly be cut by 4% or more in the year that followed.All around the world, the number of tourists have been cut off (Lauder, 2008). As had been pointed out ea rlier, the tourism industry provides job opportunities to the citizens of the host country, and earns foreign exchange to the host country. When the tourists numbers are cut out, many people are bound to dope off their jobs in the process as headspring as trim back foreign earnings putting the country at a greater economic crisis (Lauder, 2008). agree to an bind by Lauder on, Global financial crisis bites tourism industry, Global tourism is already speck the effects of the financial crisis (Lauder, 2008).The United Nations Tourism Agency had on October sixteenth 2008 warned that tourism industry would experience sharpie downturn in months that would follow (Lauder, 2008). Businesses are affected in the process such as those that sell products to tourists. The consumer demands have fallen in the tourism blank sectors. These businesses are very supportive to the economy as they pay taxes to the government. This means that the economy is in turn affected by the reduced taxes (U N News Centre, 2008). In addition when there is a global economic crisis, the amount of disposable income shrinks.The small tourism businesses such as the local travel agencies and the tour operators that cater for both domestic and international tourist suffer a major setback when individuals level of disposable income decreases. The locals besides constitute to the tourism industry provided when the economy is tight on them, they draw less on domestic tourism (Kaar, 2009). In the northern hemisphere for instance, the international tourism had grown by 5% in the year 2008 as compared to the year 2007. However, this was short lived as it began to take a downward microscope slide especially during summertime holidays.Numerous businesses in the world are suffering from credit crunch as many customers cut back their travel spending (UN News Centre, 2008). In Vietnam, it was not until the collapse of Lehman Brothers in the mid of 2008 that it dawned to the world that the financial c risis was enormous. The financial crisis that was facing the US shook the globe with credit. Asia, a world that had seen eminent growth rates with nasty banks and large domestic consumers, was not spared as it has suffered greatly as a root of the financial crisis (UN News Centre, 2008). Global financial crisis and its impact on the tourism industry on developing worldsThe crisis that hit the world besides affected the developing worlds. In the year 2009, the developing worlds economic growth was projected to be at 1. 7% as compared to the 8. 3% of the year 2007. Consequently, there has been a decline in direct foreign investment, export revenue which also includes the tourism revenue and remittance. As a result, many sectors such as the tourism industry have been affected. Many people have also lost their jobs. Others, who are lucky to have jobs, have been pushed to take low-income jobs. Poverty has resulted as a result of the global financial crisis (Commonwealth of Australia, 2010).The economic crisis that the world is facing has had major impacts on the developing countries. The international financial flows and the sequestered financial flows to the developing countries have rapidly fallen rapidly. The international resourcefulness flows as well as the private capital flows have been affected, for instance, the Foreign figure Investment (Mladenovic & Zlatkovic, 2009). As UNWTO in an article on, Tourism and financial crisis reports, The tourism sector is suffering from reduced consumer demand -business and leisure- and tourism business are already feeling the credit crunch (UNWTO, 2008).The members of UNWTO Executive Council had experience market deterioration in the tourism sector (UNWTO, 2008). For the last two years, the financial crisis in the world has hit newspaper headlines. The tourism industry bonnie corresponding any other has not gone unaffected by this economic depression. The tourism industry has been greatly affected because it is extremely fragile and volatile unlike other sectors that do not feel any effect. As the United Nations World Tourism Organization observes, the situation is getting even worse in the sector.First, there has been a big drop in the demand of tourist goods as well as tourist leisure. The slow down is greatly felt during summer holidays when there is high expectation of a rise in the number of tourists storming the northern hemisphere (Tourism-review. com, 2010). The UNWTO had that given these predictions that the financial crisis would affect the tourism industry in the years 2008 and 2009. The organization had even set a resilience Committee whose work was to support the members by dint of providing them with accurate analysis of the economy as well as response mechanisms.The secretary-general of the organization, Franesco Frangiali had admitted that the financial crisis was bound to decrease the travel and the leisure spending. He also admitted that the situation created by the g lobal financial crisis was not as bad as the one that had surfaced during severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in the year 2003. The severe acute respiratory syndrome as he claimed caused a bundle of harm in the tourism industry (Tourism-review. com, 2010). Because the financial crisis is global, the fears and impacts of it are global as well (Tourism-review. om, 2010). These are words picked from an article, Financial crisis impacts on the tourism industry, by Tourism-review. com. According to a report by the external Monetary Fund, the global crisis made a major impact in Caribbean, an island where the tourism industry is a very important boost to the economy (Tourism-review. com, 2010). In Kenya, the subgenus Pastor of Tourism, Najib Balala had expected escalation of food prices as well that of other essential commodities as a result of the global financial crisis.The tourism sector in the country could be badly damaged again just after it had recovered from the violence t hat erupted after elections in the year 2007. As had been feared, the tourism sector took a downward slide in the two years that followed as a result of the global financial crisis and it has not yet recovered from the break (Tourism-review. com, 2010). The tourism industry is a very important sector in the economy of Tanzania. For many years, it has had positive effects on the Tanzanian economic development. It is not until lately when the financial crisis set in that the tourism industry was weakened (Lyimo, 2009).